{"id":2526,"date":"2012-03-04T14:07:49","date_gmt":"2012-03-04T14:07:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/armando.info\/?p=2526"},"modified":"2012-03-04T14:07:49","modified_gmt":"2012-03-04T14:07:49","slug":"global-peddlers-trade-with-venezuelan-coltan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/global-peddlers-trade-with-venezuelan-coltan\/","title":{"rendered":"Global Peddlers Trade with Venezuelan Coltan"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Hidden \r\namong so many ads posted on the web, the first links of a smuggling chain that \r\nstarts in deposits in the Venezuelan states of Amazonas and Bol\u00edvar appear on \r\nthe Internet, it sustains a submerged economy -with actors of drug trafficking \r\nin the distribution- in bordering countries like Colombia and Brazil, and after \r\nlaundering it through traders in antipodes like South Korea, it ends in the \r\nelectronic brains of videogame consoles, cell phones and guided \r\nmissiles.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

What \r\nmerchandise has given rise to this convoluted semi-covered trade route? It is \r\nthe coltan, the blue gold of the 21st century, required for various \r\nstrategic industries due to the conductivity and heat resistance properties of \r\nits components, columbite and tantalite.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

For \r\nVenezuelans, coltan went from being an unknown famous or a science fiction \r\ndenomination, to a nearby reality thanks to an announcement by President Hugo \r\nCh\u00e1vez. \"Now a strategic mineral called coltan has appeared and we have taken \r\nthe area militarily because they were smuggling it to Colombia,\" the president \r\nsaid on October 15, 2009. His order reached all the media but it seems that it \r\ndid not have a determining effect, based on the following journalistic \r\ninvestigation jointly developed throughout a year by reporters of El Universal \r\nnewspaper of Caracas, the site Armando.info, also of Venezuela, Noticias Uno of \r\nBogot\u00e1, with the support of the International Consortium of Investigative \r\nJournalists (ICIJ) of Washington DC.<\/p>\n\n\n

Exposed \r\non the web, on sites such as Tradeboss.com, is the offer of the Venezuelan \r\nmineral \u2014coltan mostly, but also gold and aluminum, among others\u2014 by Korea TPC \r\nDevelopment of Venezuela. It guarantees dispatches to any part of the world and \r\nconfidentiality. \"Through our fully automated trade platform, customers can \r\ndirectly interact per each shipment while maintaining control of their order in \r\nan anonymous and conflict-free environment.\"<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Korea \r\nTPC Development of Venezuela was registered in the First Mercantile Register of \r\nthe city of Valencia, state of Carabobo, on July 29, 2010, nine months after \r\nPresident Ch\u00e1vez ordered the military control of coltan deposits in the \r\nOrinoquia. According to the register, the company, with a capital of 23 million \r\ndollars, would be engaged in the \"construction of bioenergy and gas plants, as \r\nwell as the manufacture of diesel-based facilities\".<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Today, \r\nhowever, its principal offices with declared address in hotels like Gran Meli\u00e1 \r\nCaracas and Caracas Palace, simply do not exist. Its trail is also lost in other \r\naddresses in the areas of Altamira and Los Cortijos, in \r\nCaracas.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

However, \r\nfrom Seoul, capital of South Korea, Yang Ha Young recognizes that his name and \r\nhis company correspond to the same company in Valencia that offers minerals on \r\nthe Internet. After several attempts to contact him, he declared that he was \r\nscammed by Venezuelan partner Mois\u00e9s Gonz\u00e1lez in a series of businesses that, he \r\nassumes, now involves him with the purchase and sale of \r\ncoltan.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

\"The \r\nwarning has nothing to do with me,\" he says. \"I was the victim of my partner and \r\nI have not been able to communicate with him since he deceived me.\" Although an \r\nattempt was made to contact Gonz\u00e1lez, he never answered the telephone calls to \r\nthe number he published on the Internet adds; not even the neighbors of the \r\naddresses he declared under his name know anything about \r\nhim.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

In \r\nthe opinion of the Korean businessman, everything is part of a misunderstanding. \r\nOn the other side of the world, from an office in the Garak-Dong neighborhood, \r\nhe admits that he spent a season in Venezuela waiting for contracts that PDVSA \r\nand other state companies never awarded to him. The misunderstanding, if any, \r\nanyway illustrates the dark side of a barely known trade with origins in the \r\nfoothills of the Guayana Shield, in the north of the state of Amazonas and \r\nsoutheast of the state of Bol\u00edvar, where the improvised gold and diamond mines \r\nbegin to share the land with a new mineral in the neighborhood, the black \r\nstones, the so-called blue gold or coltan, as it is best known. \r\n<\/p>\n\n\n

The Other El Dorado<\/h2>\n\n\n

Coltan \r\nis a combination of columbite and tantalite. Columbite contains Niobium, and \r\ntantalite contains Tantalum, numbers 41 and 73 of Mendeleev\u2019s Periodic Table. \r\nAlthough both elements belong to the so-called rare-earth minerals, their use \r\nhas become increasingly common and indispensable for the miniaturization of \r\nelectronic equipment ranging from cell phones to missiles.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Despite \r\ntheir rarity, already in the late 70s, the Ministry of Energy and Mines of \r\nVenezuela (the then Ministry of Mines and Hydrocarbons) financed research \r\nregarding these and other minerals of the Guiana massif, the peculiar geological \r\nformation containing inside elements as valuable as they are scarce. But more \r\nthan 30 years later, when those pioneering experiments were just references \r\nfiled in the libraries of Corporaci\u00f3n Venezolana de Guayana (CVG), a new wave of \r\nminers appeared in search of raw material for new technologies. And they arrive \r\nwith voracity.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Right \r\nin Parguaza, in the state of Bol\u00edvar, at the foothills of the Guiana massif, the \r\nfirst signs of coltan fever are evident.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

In \r\nthe area of Los Gallitos, from one of the deposits made out in the middle of the \r\nsavannas, the miners confirm that foreigners are the ones looking for the booty \r\nas if it were a home service. \" Colombians are the ones who move this stone \r\nhere,\" Flandes says plainly, without a last name or formal name, suggesting that \r\nit is a nickname.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

\"They \r\ncome by motorcycle and travel again to the port of El Burro, then, they take a \r\nboat that leaves them in less than 15 minutes in Puerto Carre\u00f1o, the capital of \r\nthe department of Vichada,\" adds Flandes, who is the son of another miner who \r\naccompanies him in the search for the so-called black stones. They have learned \r\nto distinguish the difference between these mineral from other rocks that are \r\nalso found in the lands of the area; it is almost black and weighs more than a \r\ntraditional stone.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Father \r\nand son have history extracting gold and diamonds in the region. Now, leaning \r\nover a pile of reddish earth, they are seen with a pick and a shovel extracting \r\ncoltan around Parguaza, a corner of the state of Bol\u00edvar that begins to appear \r\non the radar of large companies in the technology sector. In that area, and at \r\nleast in other four points more known by the locals, when the military lower \r\ntheir guard, they go in waves of up to 30 miners to find the blue \r\ngold.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

There, \r\nwhere the stone mountains rise above the until-recently virgin jungle, a new \r\nactivity sprang up. \"People are in this because they are in need and there is no \r\nwork,\" explains Camilo, another of the many miners in the \r\narea.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Everyone \r\nremembers well that a group of foreign businessmen appeared more than a year ago \r\nin the place with offers of growth. They spoke of new times, of benefits for \r\nthose who backed with their signatures a request to the government to legalize \r\nthe extraction of coltan. Everything was in words to the wind. They did not even \r\ngive printed business cards. \"They told the people that there were going to be \r\nhouses and work sources, but they did not come back,\" says \r\nFlanders.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Several \r\nof the landowners in the area add that Colombians, Australians and even Koreans \r\ncame knocking at their doors with a coltan project under their arms. They \r\noffered millions in cash in exchange for their property deeds. In Venezuela, \r\nanyway, extracting coltan is a crime.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Any \r\nmining activity has been banned in Amazonas since 1989. Only in Bol\u00edvar the \r\nmining development company of the Amazon (Demina) obtained a concession in 2001 \r\nto explore and exploit coltan, among other minerals, but now faces the case in \r\ncourts, after the Government rescinded in 2010 the only license that the State \r\nhad granted<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Extracting, \r\nstoring or transporting black stones became a crime thereafter. The judicial \r\nrecords reveal that the National Guard seized almost two tons (1800 kilos) of \r\ncoltan between 2009 and 2011 to seven people, including women and men, \r\nindigenous people, Colombian citizens and minors.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Although \r\nseveral of the accused have been released, most of the cases remain open. The \r\nNational Guard has confiscated the ore inside wrappings, bags of fique and white \r\nstockings, along with picks, surucas (screen), shovels, machetes and some pairs \r\nof boots.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

A \r\nlocal organization, the Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology \r\nin the state of Amazonas (Fundacite Amazonas) revealed in a 2009 report that the \r\nNational Guard had 46,800 kilograms of columbite-tantalite confiscated from a \r\nColombian citizen and that in the checkpoint of Poz\u00f3n de Babilla were machines \r\nseized by the military near the area where the illegal extraction occurred. \r\nFundacite, attached to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, found \r\nevidence that the miners had the advice of specialists with knowledge on methods \r\nof studying soils. <\/p>\n\n\n

Black Route to Blue Gold<\/h2>\n\n\n

The \r\nconfidentiality assurance that Korea TPC Development of Venezuela offers on the \r\nweb is neither excessive nor rare in this business. In fact, coltan is handled \r\noutside the law, without invoices or customs records, and virtually in the \r\nanonymity of shell companies, e.g. Global Impact USA and Hawk Enterprises. Only \r\nthe first one has legal registration in the state of Florida, USA, but both \r\nrefer to the same telephone numbers of a contact in Venezuela, in this case it \r\nis Aribel Ojeda, who prefers not to mention the ore business.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

That \r\nshadow marketing is also transnational. If the ore is extracted in Venezuela, it \r\nsoon crosses the borders that in this area usually correspond to geographical \r\nfeatures. Between Venezuela and Colombia that feature is the course of the \r\nOrinoco River. In its basin, in the middle of the jungle, there are more streams \r\nthan roads. Coltan peddlers only need 15 minutes by boat to take the goods to a \r\nsafe harbor. Through El Burro and Puerto P\u00e1ez, merchants cross the Orinoco to \r\nreach Puerto Carre\u00f1o, in Colombia. Further south, but in the same state of \r\nAmazonas, another favorite route connects San Fernando de Atabapo in Venezuela \r\nwith Puerto In\u00edrida in Colombia.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Coltan \r\nis an open secret in the south of the country. But like everything informal that \r\ndevelops in secrecy, it is open to scams and business control by de facto powers \r\nthat already handle other illicit traffics. There are many cases of \r\nintermediaries who have received cassiterite for coltan. There are also versions \r\nthat, under the protection of discretion, grant a share in the business to \r\nanonymous military officials. Meanwhile, the local church of Puerto \r\nAyacucho,  has not been inhibited \r\nfrom pointing out in the September-December 2010 edition of its magazine La \r\nIglesia en Amazonas that \"the Armed Forces do not exercise proper control and \r\nthe miners evade those controls in various ways, being accomplices in multiple \r\ncases of the damage caused to the environment, which is mostly \r\nirreparable.\"<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

However, \r\non the other side of the border, in Colombia, there is evidence that a black \r\nmarket of valuable metals and rare-earth minerals is growing in areas where \r\nhistorically the Government has exercised weak control. Since 2010, its security \r\nentities have seized over 83 tons (166 thousand pounds) of tantalum and tungsten \r\nin an area of the department of Guain\u00eda.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

 The \r\nscenario is favorable to the intervention of drug cartels in the business. An \r\nillegal mining operation was developed by the Villa Cifuentes brothers, linked \r\nto drug trafficking. The Colombian government suspended their concession to \r\nexploit niobium, tantalum, vanadium and zirconium in Puinawai National Park, \r\nwhile the United States of America accused one of them, Jorge Milton Cifuentes \r\nVilla, as one of the main suppliers of cocaine for the Mexican Joaqu\u00edn Guzm\u00e1n \r\nLoera, better known as 'El Chapo Guzm\u00e1n' and his Sinaloa \r\nCartel.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

\"What \r\nwe have found are sophisticated drug trafficking organizations that are \r\nincreasingly involved with the trafficking of minerals from Puinawai Park and \r\nVenezuela,\" says the military commander of the area in Colombia, Marine Colonel \r\nAlfredo de Videro<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Further \r\nsouth, the temptation of coltan also permeates the Brazilian border. Not in \r\nvain, most mineral refiners in the hemisphere are in that country. They have to \r\ngo through there almost by obligation to become an input fit for industrial \r\nuse.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

\"I \r\nwould say that Colombia and Brazil have a great deal of business,\" concludes the \r\ngovernor of the state of Amazonas, Liborio Guarulla, who believes that the \r\nnational government is an accomplice of the black market for not establishing \r\nmechanisms to legalize the exploitation of the mineral. \"In those countries, \r\nthis activity is formalized or at least it is not illegal.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

In \r\nBrazil, experts in mining laws, like lawyer Sergio Rocha Brito Marques, have \r\nurged politicians and manufacturing companies in the country to strengthen \r\ncontrols on mining. To them, inadequate and obsolete laws have allowed the \r\ngrowth of a black market north of the country's Amazonian provinces. They warn \r\nthat the result is a chaos in the mining of their country in the border area \r\nwith Colombia and Venezuela, where there are no clues about the global prices of \r\nthe mineral and the buyers do not ask for coltan certificates of origin (a \r\npractice that a good part of the international industry has been adopting as a \r\nstandard, under strong pressure from NGOs and multilateral organizations). \r\n<\/p>\n\n\n

The Alarms Triggered<\/h2>\n\n\n

There \r\nis good reason for it. \"Venezuela could emerge as a big problem because it \r\nrepresents another source of conflicting coltan, coming from an area where there \r\nis no regulation, no transparency and no security for the people working in the \r\nmines,\" warns Aaron Hall from Washington, on behalf of the NGO Enough \r\nProject.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

The \r\nghosts of Africa haunt any analysis on the subject. Although the conflicts \r\nalready existed, coltan propped up the tribal struggles of Congo, Uganda and \r\nRwanda. Blood-stained coltan (like diamonds) became a phrase made from \r\nhumanitarian campaigns and film scripts. But in the Venezuelan case, that \r\ntrailer and the flirtations of the national government with China and, above \r\nall, Iran, announce a horror film of geopolitical \r\ndimensions.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

\"We \r\nhave decided to work with the Iranian brothers in the exploration of mines,\" the \r\nthen Minister of Basic Industries and Mining, Jos\u00e9 Salamat Khan, said in 2011. \r\nApart from the announcement, since 2009, Iran has been cooperating with \r\nVenezuela in conducting studies of mineral soils to prepare the Venezuelan \r\nmining map, according to the page of the National Geoscience Database of \r\nIran.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

The \r\nmatter is not indifferent to the US authorities. Venezuelan officials, like \r\nformer Minister Khan, in 2010, maintained relationships with Iranian shipping \r\ncompany Sadra Shipping, which claims on its website to have a branch in Caracas. \r\nSadra is a subsidiary of company Khatam al-Anbiya, subject to sanctions by the \r\nUS Department of the Treasury for its participation in the Iranian nuclear \r\nprogram.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

The \r\nVenezuelan case, however, is far from the examples of Central Africa, a vein \r\nfrom which a fifth of the global supply of coltan is extracted, and a region \r\nplagued by endemic political instability.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Another \r\nVenezuelan advantage that experts celebrate is that although reaching one of the \r\nmost intricate mines in the south of the country can take up to a week by boat \r\nand on foot, many of the black stones are loose in the form of \r\nnuggets.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

As \r\nin a large part of the commodities world trade, extractors have a small part of \r\nthe business. The most fortunate Venezuelan miners have found rocks of 15 kilos. \r\nOn average, up to 200 bolivars (around 46 dollars at the official rate) are paid \r\nper kilo; this, after a negotiation process to fix the price. In the formal \r\nmarket, the payment is higher. The price went from 45 dollars per kilo in 1990 \r\nto a record high of 700 dollars in 2000, when the multinational Sony had to \r\npostpone the launch of the second version of PlayStation because of the scarce \r\noffer of coltan back then in the market.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

There \r\nis not yet a public index of prices. The secret that involves the purchase and \r\nsale of the mineral generates price variations that produce spikes and drops in \r\nsupplies. Everything depends on a negotiation process. \"Niobium and tantalum \r\nmaterials are not openly traded,\" warns the US Geological Institute (USGS). \r\n\"Purchase contracts are confidential between buyer and \r\nseller.\"<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

The \r\ncloudiness in the Venezuelan coltan market is a symptom of a problem that \r\n\u2014according to researcher Raimund Bleischwitz of the Institute for Climate, \r\nEnvironment and Energy of Wuppertal in Germany\u2014 Ch\u00e1vez\u2019s government must face. \r\nThe black market will grow and increase its danger as the government delays the \r\ngeneration of mining laws and transparency.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

\"Manufacturers \r\ndo not want to deal with bandits,\" says Bleischwitz. \"Central Africa is a \r\nproblem because there are no strong governments with which to negotiate a stable \r\nmarket and transparency. That is where Venezuela's strong central government has \r\nthe potential to do it right and establish order in the coltan market, instead \r\nof a black market.\"<\/p>\n\n\n

With \r\nreports from Ricardo Sandoval Palos in the United States of America, Ignacio \r\nG\u00f3mez in Colombia, Marcelo Soares in Brazil, and Nari Kim in South \r\nKorea<\/EM><\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

<\/STRONG> <\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Related \r\ncontents<\/STRONG><\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Also \r\nread on the website of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists \r\n(ICIJ):<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

\"Venezuela \r\nemerges as a new source of 'conflict' minerals\"<\/A><\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

\"Colombia's \r\nblack-market coltan tied to drug traffickers, paramilitaries\"<\/A> <\/p>\n\n\r\n\n

Also \r\nread on the website of El Espectador: \r\n
\"Amenaza \r\nen el Puinawai\" (Threat in \r\nPuinawai)<\/A><\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

It is one of the so-called \"rare earth elements\" and a strategic material for high-tech industry. It abounds in the south of Venezuela, next to the border with Colombia. And although the Venezuelan government announced in 2009 measures for the military control of the deposits, since then, international smuggling routes have flourished, in which drug trafficking and informal traders participate. In a climate of mystery, now the Venezuelan coltan also threatens to become a source of geopolitical conflicts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":81,"featured_media":53189,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","ghostkit_customizer_options":"","ghostkit_custom_css":"","ghostkit_custom_js_head":"","ghostkit_custom_js_foot":"","ghostkit_typography":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2387,2210],"tags":[889,1841,1775],"pais":[],"serie":[],"localizacion":[4227],"ppma_author":[2376,2240],"class_list":["post-2526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-internacionales","category-investigacion","tag-coltan","tag-ingles","tag-mineria"],"acf":{"reportage-top-html":""},"views":3076,"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":2387,"label":"Internacionales"},{"value":2210,"label":"Investigacion"}],"post_tag":[{"value":889,"label":"Colt\u00c3\u00a1n"},{"value":1841,"label":"Ingl\u00e9s"},{"value":1775,"label":"Miner\u00eda"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/04032012-coltan.png",1920,784,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"ARMANDO.INFO","author_link":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/author\/armando2\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":2387,"name":"Internacionales","slug":"internacionales","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2387,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":127,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0","cat_ID":2387,"category_count":127,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Internacionales","category_nicename":"internacionales","category_parent":0},{"term_id":2210,"name":"Investigacion","slug":"investigacion","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2210,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":670,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0","cat_ID":2210,"category_count":670,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Investigacion","category_nicename":"investigacion","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":889,"name":"Colt\u00c3\u00a1n","slug":"coltan","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":889,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0"},{"term_id":1841,"name":"Ingl\u00e9s","slug":"ingles","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1841,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":50,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0"},{"term_id":1775,"name":"Miner\u00eda","slug":"mineria","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1775,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":16,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0"}],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-08-25 06:15:36","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"authors":[{"term_id":2376,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"joseph-poliszuk","display_name":"JOSEPH POLISZUK","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""},{"term_id":2240,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"emilia-diaz-struck","display_name":"EMILIA D\u00cdAZ - 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