{"id":2375,"date":"2017-12-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2017-12-12T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/armando.info\/?p=2375"},"modified":"2017-12-12T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2017-12-12T00:00:00","slug":"the-north-is-a-chimera-for-those-who-stay-to-wait-for-relatives-and-remittances","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/the-north-is-a-chimera-for-those-who-stay-to-wait-for-relatives-and-remittances\/","title":{"rendered":"The North is a Chimera for Those who Stay to Wait for Relatives and Remittances"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mother's \r\nintuition had warned her. Mar\u00eda del Socorro May insisted many times to Sa\u00fal \r\nNaal, her immigrant son in the city of San Rafael, in northern California, to \r\nreturn to his home in Peto as soon as possible. Since he left, he had not seen \r\nhim in six years.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Peto, \r\na municipality of approximately 25,000 inhabitants, located right in the \r\nsouthern cone of the state of Yucat\u00e1n, Mexico, which occupies the northern part \r\nof the homonymous peninsula that projects to the Caribbean, where a third of the \r\npopulation is of Mayan origin. It is known to be one of the towns from which \r\nmost workers migrate to the USA. Already in 2009, the Migration Survey with a \r\nGender Perspective, the most recent government effort to locate migrants from \r\nthe entity, revealed that 5,200 people -a fifth of the population of the \r\nmunicipality- had migrated to the American Union.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sitting \r\nin the living room of her house in the Benito Juarez neighborhood, on the \r\nPetule\u00f1a outskirts, \u2014where weeds abound, public lighting is nonexistent, and the \r\nstreets are made of a dirt road that floods as soon as rains begin to fall\u2014 \r\nMar\u00eda del Socorro says that Sa\u00fal, along with some town friends, went through the \r\nMexican desert and faced its dangers to cross the border to the north, without \r\ndocuments, as 90% of Yucatecan migrants do. He wanted to save for a kidney \r\nsurgery and get over a congenital malformation, which he was born with. He also \r\nlooked for an opportunity to get out of the poverty, which, according to her, \r\n\"he was condemned to\". If almost half (41.9%) of the two million Yucatecans are \r\npoor, in Peto the proportion grows to 73.9% of its inhabitants, as indicated in \r\nthe 2010 report of the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development \r\nPolicy (Coneval).<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sa\u00fal \r\nended up living in the San Francisco Bay area, the Californian metropolis, with \r\nanother 70,000 Yucatecans. Several times, he expressed his desire to return to \r\nhis hometown. Mar\u00eda del Socorro, 70, and her husband Bartolo Naal, 80, stare at \r\nthe altar in front, with a photo of Sa\u00fal, a printed selfie, plus two vases made \r\nof jars of mayonnaise and an image of Guadalupe's Virgin. The son was dark and \r\nhad short hair. In the photo, he wears a Major League Baseball cap and shows a \r\nnecklace with the image of the Virgin.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"kb-gallery-wrap-id-_8teCTx-wC alignnone wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-ul kb-gallery-non-static kb-gallery-type-slider kb-gallery-id-_8teCTx-wC kb-gallery-caption-style-below kb-gallery-filter-none kb-gallery-magnific-init\" data-image-filter=\"none\" data-lightbox-caption=\"true\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-carousel splide kt-carousel-container-dotstyle-dark kt-carousel-arrowstyle-whiteondark kt-carousel-dotstyle-dark kb-slider-group-arrow kb-slider-arrow-position-center\" data-slider-anim-speed=\"400\" data-slider-scroll=\"1\" data-slider-arrows=\"true\" data-slider-fade=\"true\" data-slider-dots=\"true\" data-slider-type=\"slider\" data-slider-hover-pause=\"false\" data-slider-auto=\"\" data-slider-speed=\"7000\" data-show-pause-button=\"false\"><div class=\"splide__track\"><ul class=\"kt-blocks-carousel-init kb-blocks-slider splide__list\"><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-2.JPG\" data-description=\"Altar a Sa\u00fal\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-2.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-2.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-2.JPG\" data-id=\"51613\" class=\"wp-image-51613 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-2.JPG 800w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-2-700x700.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-2-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Altar a Sa\u00fal<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-3.JPG\" data-description=\"Altar a Sa\u00fal\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-3.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-3.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-3.JPG\" data-id=\"51614\" class=\"wp-image-51614 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-3.JPG 800w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-3-700x700.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-3-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Altar a Sa\u00fal<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-4.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-4.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-4.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-4.JPG\" data-id=\"51615\" class=\"wp-image-51615 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-4.JPG 800w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-4-700x700.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-4-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-5.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-5.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-5.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-5.JPG\" data-id=\"51616\" class=\"wp-image-51616 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-5.JPG 800w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-5-700x700.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-5-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This \r\nwas on May 8, 2017, two days before Mother's Day in Mexico, when Mar\u00eda del \r\nSocorro received the news that her son had died at 33 years of a pulmonary \r\ncomplication.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Twenty \r\ndays after carrying out procedures with the government of Yucatan and the City \r\nof Peto, Sa\u00fal's body left the airport in San Francisco to Mexico City. It was \r\nthen transferred to M\u00e9rida, from where a funeral carriage moved him to town. It \r\nis a well-known route. So far in 2017, the Institute for the Development of the \r\nMayan Culture (Indemaya) has repatriated 13 bodies, including that of \r\nSa\u00fal.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mar\u00eda \r\ndel Socorro cannot talk about it without drowning in tears. And when she can, \r\nshe realizes that she really knew very little about his son's life. Until today, \r\nit is not clear to her where he lived. In fact, she never knew that. Just over \r\nthree weeks before he died, Sa\u00fal was arrested in San Rafael, the suburb north of \r\nSan Francisco, for offering cocaine to an undercover policeman, <A href=\"http:\/\/www.srpd.org\/press\/full.php?id=390\">as \r\nevident in a file published on the website of the city \r\nauthorities<\/A>. \r\nBefore crying again, she explained that the young man had gone \"far away\" and \r\nwas assembling built-in kitchens, a work that allowed him to send US$ 250 a \r\nmonth (about 4,600 Mexican pesos). That was enough to buy food and pay for \r\nutilities, like power, and the heart medicines for his sick \r\nfather.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \r\nparents of Sa\u00fal tell that the vandals of the colony take advantage of their \r\nsolitude and the little police surveillance to steal the backyard animals \r\n(chickens, turkeys) they count on as a financial and food support. When their \r\nimmigrant son died in the USA, the income their received from him was also gone. \r\nThe salaries of their other two children in Canc\u00fan, a tourist resort in the \r\nneighboring state of Quintana Roo, are not enough to send a fixed remittance to \r\ntheir parents. Like many elderly people in Peto and Yucat\u00e1n, without pensions or \r\nfixed incomes, they grow fruits and vegetables for \r\nself-consumption.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roc\u00edo \r\nQuintal and Iv\u00e1n Franco, doctors in social and political sciences, respectively, \r\nand authors of the book <I>El fen\u00f3meno migratorio en Yucat\u00e1n, contextos e \r\nimpactos<\/I> (The Migration Phenomenon in Yucat\u00e1n, Contexts and Impacts), \r\nconfirm that poverty is the \"backdrop\" of migration in this state, the fifth \r\nwith the lowest entry of remittances in the country (0.5% of the 26,993 million \r\nUS dollars that Mexico received that year). However, the collateral effects of \r\nthis diaspora, such as abandonment, loneliness and disintegration of families, \r\ngo unnoticed by governments.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It \r\nis precisely because of the lack of updated censuses or statistics of migrants \r\nin the USA <BR>-mostly illegal- that it becomes almost impossible for the \r\nauthorities of Yucat\u00e1n to locate, support or guide the remaining relatives, if \r\nthey were to do it. This means that migration does not have a real impact on the \r\nimprovement of communities. The most common contact of families with the \r\ngovernment is reduced to procedures such as locating or repatriating the bodies \r\nof their loved ones, as in the case of Sa\u00fal.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"kb-gallery-wrap-id-_ySAN1Y-kj alignnone wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-ul kb-gallery-non-static kb-gallery-type-slider kb-gallery-id-_ySAN1Y-kj kb-gallery-caption-style-below kb-gallery-filter-none kb-gallery-magnific-init\" data-image-filter=\"none\" data-lightbox-caption=\"true\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-carousel splide kt-carousel-container-dotstyle-dark kt-carousel-arrowstyle-whiteondark kt-carousel-dotstyle-dark kb-slider-group-arrow kb-slider-arrow-position-center\" data-slider-anim-speed=\"400\" data-slider-scroll=\"1\" data-slider-arrows=\"true\" data-slider-fade=\"true\" data-slider-dots=\"true\" data-slider-type=\"slider\" data-slider-hover-pause=\"false\" data-slider-auto=\"\" data-slider-speed=\"7000\" data-show-pause-button=\"false\"><div class=\"splide__track\"><ul class=\"kt-blocks-carousel-init kb-blocks-slider splide__list\"><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-6.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-6.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-6.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-6.JPG\" data-id=\"51617\" class=\"wp-image-51617 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-6.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-6-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-6-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-6-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-7.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-7.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-7.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-7.JPG\" data-id=\"51618\" class=\"wp-image-51618 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-7.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-7-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-7-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-7-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-8.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-8.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-8.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-8.JPG\" data-id=\"51619\" class=\"wp-image-51619 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-8.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-8-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-8-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-8-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \r\nMigration and Remittances Yearbook 2017 of the National Population Council \r\n(Conapo) indicates that Yucat\u00e1n is the fifth state with the lowest migration \r\nintensity in Mexico. The 180,000 Yucatecans living in the USA (Indemaya data) \r\nare a small number among the more than 12 million Mexicans who have moved to \r\nthat country. But the proportion is significant when you look inside the entity \r\nitself, so far from the capital, <BR>1,300 kilometers at the easternmost point \r\nof the country. The number of people who reside \"on the other side\" represents \r\nalmost 9% of the total population of Yucat\u00e1n, 68% of which choose the state of \r\nCalifornia - the richest in the United States - to work, according to Conapo. \r\nThousands of relatives in Yucat\u00e1n end up suffering the absence of the father, \r\nmother, brother or son and must adapt to new lifestyles where the common \r\ndenominator is loneliness and fear for the safety of the migrant living without \r\npapers in that country to the north. <\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">***<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mar\u00eda \r\ndel Socorro shows the rest of the house, where only she and her husband live. \r\nOne part is concrete and consists of two nine sq-meter (97 sq-feet) rooms \r\nimpeccably painted white, owned by their other two migrant children in Cancun \r\n(the couple had another son who died 16 years ago for pulmonary fibrosis). Due \r\nto its proximity, the state of Quintana Roo, which houses Cancun and the \r\nso-called Riviera Maya, is the second favorite destination of the Yucatecans to \r\nmigrate, only after the United States of America. In this case, families get \r\ntogether more frequently because it is about four hours away by \r\nroad.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That \r\npart of the house is the most expensive of the entire structure. A few meters \r\naway, is a traditional Mayan hut of about 20 sq meters, which the elderly couple \r\ncalls home. As it is common in the landscape of Yucat\u00e1n, the roof is made of \r\n<I>huano<\/I>, the dried leaves of a kind of an endemic palm that together with \r\nthe adobe walls \u2014the traditional material of Mayan houses\u2014 keep the interior \r\ncool, although the humid heat outside exceeds 40 \u00b0C (104 \r\n\u00b0F).<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As \r\nin the Naal\u2019s house, the Yucatecan migration has left this new landscape in the \r\nmunicipalities with more emigrants in the United States of America, where two \r\nopposing architectural styles coexist: the mud and huano Mayan style hut and the \r\nAmerican house of concrete, Californian style. On the one hand, big two-story \r\nhouses, with tub, fine finishes and built-in kitchen with stove. In the other, \r\nhomes where water is still taken by hand from the well, and food is prepared on \r\na log fire in a <I>comal<\/I> (ceramic or metal flat griddle) with which 159,000 \r\nfamilies of indigenous communities of the state still \r\ncook.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\"It \r\nis known as remittance architecture,\" says Carlos Ojeda Cer\u00f3n, an anthropologist \r\nfrom Peto and doctor in Regional Development. When migrants are deported, they \r\nrun out of money or their remittances are invested in more immediate needs, the \r\nhouses are left half-built.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed-handler wp-block-embed-embed-handler wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Kimbil\u00e1 Yucat\u00e1n - El norte es una quimera para los que se quedan a esperar a familiares y remesas\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Q5p8dD5mX60?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A \r\nlarge house in Kimbil\u00e1, a town of approximately 3,000 inhabitants in the central \r\nregion of Yucat\u00e1n, speaks clearly of this mixed landscape of the Yucatecan \r\npeoples.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead \r\nof <I>albarradas<\/I> \u2014the walls of almost 1.5 m (4.92 ft) high of large stones \r\nstacked without cement or any other material that stick them together\u2014, the \r\nhouse has a cast iron fence in red with delicate details reproduced from a \r\nphotograph of a house in California. It has two stories and measures about 40 m \r\nhigh by 25 m wide (131 ft H x 82 ft W). It is visible from several streets back. \r\nSeeing two-level properties in the area is rare, due to its high cost. Those \r\nthat exist belong to politicians who have become mayors, or to few prosperous \r\nentrepreneurs.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kimbil\u00e1 \r\nis one of the small towns called townships - among the 106 municipalities of \r\nYucat\u00e1n, where no more than 5,000 people live and where the municipal government \r\nexercises direct authority. In these townships there are no economic activities \r\nthat allow their inhabitants to be self-sufficient. Therefore, many have to be \r\nblue-collar workers in M\u00e9rida, the capital of Yucat\u00e1n, or in neighboring \r\nQuintana Roo. Or, obviously, to the United States of America, like the three \r\nchildren of Sebasti\u00e1n May Llanes and Ligia Arjona -the inhabitants of this \r\nmansion-, Jos\u00e9, Abel and Sebasti\u00e1n, who 18, 15 and 13 years ago, respectively, \r\nmigrated without documents to the city from Fort Bragg, California, four hours \r\nnorth of San Francisco. With Abel's last seven years remittances (2 million \r\npesos or 120,000 US dollars, about 17,000 US dollars a year), Ligia and \r\nSebasti\u00e1n, who do not have pensions, have been able to build this house with \r\nlarge windows emulating the typical vacation homes of American families. The \r\nsecond of the children, an independent gardener, photographer and social event \r\ncameraman at Fort Bragg, personally designed the house. The terrace is under \r\nconstruction. But there is an outdoor kitchen roofed with metal sheets that \r\nreminds us that we are still in Yucat\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"kb-gallery-wrap-id-_21Jpcs-wU alignnone wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-ul kb-gallery-non-static kb-gallery-type-slider kb-gallery-id-_21Jpcs-wU kb-gallery-caption-style-below kb-gallery-filter-none kb-gallery-magnific-init\" data-image-filter=\"none\" data-lightbox-caption=\"true\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-carousel splide kt-carousel-container-dotstyle-dark kt-carousel-arrowstyle-whiteondark kt-carousel-dotstyle-dark kb-slider-group-arrow kb-slider-arrow-position-center\" data-slider-anim-speed=\"400\" data-slider-scroll=\"1\" data-slider-arrows=\"true\" data-slider-fade=\"true\" data-slider-dots=\"true\" data-slider-type=\"slider\" data-slider-hover-pause=\"false\" data-slider-auto=\"\" data-slider-speed=\"7000\" data-show-pause-button=\"false\"><div class=\"splide__track\"><ul class=\"kt-blocks-carousel-init kb-blocks-slider splide__list\"><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"5807\" height=\"3964\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9.JPG\" data-id=\"51620\" class=\"wp-image-51620 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9.JPG 5807w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9-700x478.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9-2200x1502.jpg 2200w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9-768x524.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9-1536x1049.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9-2048x1398.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9-1235x843.jpg 1235w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-9-700x478@2x.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 5807px) 100vw, 5807px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"6000\" height=\"4000\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10.JPG\" data-id=\"51621\" class=\"wp-image-51621 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10.JPG 6000w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10-700x467.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10-2200x1467.jpg 2200w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10-1235x823.jpg 1235w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-10-700x467@2x.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 6000px) 100vw, 6000px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-11.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-11.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-11.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-11.JPG\" data-id=\"51622\" class=\"wp-image-51622 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-11.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-11-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-11-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-11-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-12.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-12.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-12.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-12.JPG\" data-id=\"51623\" class=\"wp-image-51623 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-12.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-12-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-12-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-12-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-13.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-13.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-13.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-13.JPG\" data-id=\"51624\" class=\"wp-image-51624 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-13.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-13-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-13-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-13-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-14.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-14.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-14.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-14.JPG\" data-id=\"51625\" class=\"wp-image-51625 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-14.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-14-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-14-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-14-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ligia \r\nis sitting in her hammock, where she sleeps; most Yucatecans are reluctant to \r\nuse a bed. Sebasti\u00e1n is fumigating the doorway. The two speak Mayan and a \r\nSpanish that is difficult to them, especially when conjugating verbs. Forty \r\nyears ago, in their old <I>huano<\/I> home, they had to divide an apple into \r\nseven pieces to give their children something to eat. It is a very present \r\nfamily memory with which they illustrate the poverty of the past. Now they have \r\na swimming pool and a Jacuzzi \u2014once some children from the village slipped into \r\nthe house to take a bath\u2014, and the apples have multiplied in their refrigerator \r\ninside the kitchen decorated with stone details, a handmade exclusive \r\ndesign.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since \r\ntheir children left, the couple has not seen them again. They act as caretakers \r\nof the goods acquired with the remittances. They buy the designs of stone and \r\nblacksmithing, watch the construction and take care of the house in which they \r\ndream to see their grandchildren running someday. They show Jos\u00e9's framed studio \r\nphotos, which are stacked on a wooden table protected with plastic bags. This is \r\nhow they keep all the other furniture that Abel has bought. On the second floor, \r\nthey have a double bed with flower a comforter, which has been made for several \r\nyears, waiting.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At \r\nthe end of the work, they built an independent room where they hope to spend \r\ntheir last years of life. That big house is foreign to them. Ligia is still \r\ncooking in the back, in the old stove next to the wooden table covered with a \r\nplastic tablecloth, where she can see her backyard birds, chickens and turkeys, \r\nas well as her orange, lemons and ram\u00f3n trees, an endemic plant used as fodder \r\nfor the consumption of farmyard animals.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To \r\nYucatecans, working in the USA is an alternative to get out of backwardness and \r\npoverty. For a local, reaching the standard of living of the May family, for \r\nexample, is a rarity. A worker here earns an average of 46,680 pesos per year \r\n(around US$ 2,593) <BR>\u2014nearly 15% of what the May family receives for \r\nremittances in a year. Migration has not had a real impact on the economy of the \r\nstate and its communities. Annual remittances of 142 million US dollars are left \r\nin the houses and do not translate into more local sources of \r\nemployment.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There \r\nare still 900,000 people in Yucat\u00e1n - almost half of its population - who do not \r\nhave access to appropriate food, social security or health services, according \r\nto figures from the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development \r\nPolicy (Coneval). In Kimbil\u00e1, the May\u2019s village, where the sale of typical \r\nembroidered clothing offers some work opportunities, this is visible in the lack \r\nof access to drinking water, dirt roads, lack of public lighting, and absence of \r\nambulances.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">***<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed-handler wp-block-embed-embed-handler wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Testimonio Pedro - El norte es una quimera para los que se quedan a esperar a familiares y remesas\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zAOx_zZeqK0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anthropologist \r\nPedro Lewin Fischer, one of the few researchers in Yucat\u00e1n who studies migration \r\nfrom the perspective of those who remain, assures that when the families of the \r\nstate become fragmented, everything becomes \"a drama\". Children grow up without \r\na father figure and women practically face alone most of their adult \r\nlives.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And \r\nwhen talking about migration, economic and gender biases still persist; i.e. you \r\nonly think about the people who left, mostly men, and the money they send. The \r\nauthor of the book <I>Las que se quedan <\/I>(Those Who Stay), for which he \r\ninterviewed over 200 women from Yucatan, found in this research that migrant \r\ncouples are on average between 20 and 40 years old, suffer from loneliness and \r\nfeel unprotected, and they renounce to their sexual, emotional and creative \r\nlives when their husbands go to the United States of \r\nAmerica.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In \r\nYucatecan society, as in other societies, it is well regarded that the migrant \r\nhas a partner outside of marriage; but it is the opposite for the wives who \r\nstay. The mother or the husband's family usually controls them through mobile \r\nphones or even social networks. Leticia Paredes Guerrero, a specialist in gender \r\nstudies of the Regional Research Center \"Dr. Hideyo Noguchi \"of the Autonomous \r\nUniversity of Yucat\u00e1n (UADY), affirms in her work <I \r\nstyle=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal\">La violencia de g\u00e9nero contra las mujeres en \r\nYucat\u00e1n<\/I> (Gender Violence against Women in Yucat\u00e1n), that the ethnic \r\ncondition is a component that makes them live more discriminated at a social, \r\neconomic, educational and political level. In 2011, Yucat\u00e1n registered the \r\nhighest percentage of women speaking an indigenous language who have been \r\nvictims of violence by family members (16.6%), and occupied one of the first \r\nplaces among the states with the highest percentage of indigenous women who \r\ndeclared any kind of aggression in public places (18.6%), according to the \r\nSurvey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships prepared by the National \r\nInstitute of Statistics and Geography.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These \r\nwomen also have limited access to education or work. The last census, conducted \r\nin the country in 2010, revealed that in Yucat\u00e1n, 9% of the population is \r\nilliterate. Of every 100 women, 10.62 do not know how to read or write, while \r\nmen are 7.78 for every 100. In Mayan society women have more limited access to \r\neducation because they are destined to marry so their husbands can be providers. \r\nThe census also showed inequality in income from paid work: while women earned \r\nan annual average of US$ 4,521 per capita, men received US$ 10,065, more than \r\ndouble.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There \r\nare other examples. Mayan women need to consult their husbands before getting \r\nmedical tests. In rural communities of the state, it is still not accepted that \r\nwomen perform preventive exams for breast or cervical cancer, because it is \r\nunderstood that doctors will touch them. It is a society in which the roles of \r\nmen as providers and chiefs and that of women as housewives, in charge of caring \r\nfor the house and children, with little to say, are stressed. In the women who \r\nremain, a double burden falls on them that is rarely discussed in public and \r\nthat is not tangible like the economic one: that of assuming the role of mother \r\nand father, and that of not being able to claim the absence of the husband. \r\nAmong the Mayas of Yucatan it is not acceptable for a woman to complain about \r\nthis. If she receives enough money from the husband to cover the basic needs \r\n(food, education) of the children, the man will have \r\nfulfilled.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">***<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed-handler wp-block-embed-embed-handler wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Palabras Ligia - El norte es una quimera para los que se quedan a esperar a familiares y remesas\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zWhY7jJDMYU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\"I \r\nfelt like a widow when he left,\" says Lidia Tuz about Sebasti\u00e1n, one of the \r\nMay\u2019s three children who migrated to Fort Bragg. Lidia has waited for him in \r\nKimbil\u00e1 for over 13 years, when Sebasti\u00e1n crossed over to the USA as an illegal \r\nimmigrant to achieve the greatest aspirations of his life: the concrete house \r\nand money to open a business the turn of which he will decide when he returns. \r\nLidia has lived with the fear that her husband will find another woman in \r\nCalifornia, have another family and forget his own.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lidia \r\nwas 22 years old when Sebasti\u00e1n left, and her two children were eight and three. \r\nShe needed four years to adapt to the new situation. The eldest son of the \r\ncouple, Emanuel, suffered depression when his father emigrated because he \r\nthought he had abandoned him. Johnny, the youngest, substituted his father with \r\ntoys, video games, smart phones and electronic tablets, unattainable for the \r\nvast majority of the children of the village, who play ball on the dirt roads or \r\nin the only park in Kimbil\u00e1 that has one basketball court only. Now, they are 21 \r\nand 17 years old and drive sport motorcycles of about US$ 3,000 (60,000 Mexican \r\npesos) bought with the remittances their father sent from Fort \r\nBragg.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But \r\nthey have claimed Lidia for the absence of Sebasti\u00e1n, who does not travel to \r\nvisit Kimbil\u00e1 because he does not have identification documents. He would have \r\nto cross the border again and, to return to Fort Bragg, rehire a coyote or \r\n<I>pollero<\/I>, as they call those who guide them from Mexico. Thirteen years \r\nago, Sebasti\u00e1n paid one of them 25,000 pesos (about US$ 1,300) with the money \r\nhis brother Abel sent him, who was already living in the USA. Currently, the \r\ncost of crossing ranges between 12,000 and 15,000 US dollars \u2014figures collated \r\nin Indemaya reports and the testimony of an illegal migrant from Oxkutzcab with \r\nwhom we spoke, who planned his trip back to San Francisco, after fifteen years\u2014. \r\nStratospheric amounts that those who leave can only have by selling their land \r\nor pawning their houses. At best, they should work at least a year or two in the \r\nUSA just to pay back what they spent on arrival.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-lidia.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-51626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-lidia.jpg 800w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-lidia-700x700.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-lidia-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Lidia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \r\nfamily's assets grew from two concrete rooms next to the house of Sebasti\u00e1n's \r\nparents to a house with living room, kitchen, bathrooms and three bedrooms. In \r\njust two years, they got what they would not have reached in many more years of \r\nwork in the maquila of Lee brand jeans in Izamal, when they barely had 207 US \r\ndollars a month (4,000 pesos) just enough to eat. In addition to a larger \r\nproperty, they now have enough money for meals, clothes and shoes for Lidia and \r\nher children. Sebasti\u00e1n's two jobs at Fort Bragg - as a waiter at a coffee shop \r\nand cashier at a supermarket - have allowed him to raise enough money to buy two \r\nmore lots where he built the houses he will hand out to his \r\nchildren.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lidia \r\nsays her husband expects to be up to two more years in California, which is the \r\ntime in which he would complete the process to regularize his immigration \r\nstatus, which he started a few months ago. She is aware that his income will \r\nfall when Sebasti\u00e1n returns, but until now, he has not made concrete plans for \r\nwhen the time comes. Maybe open a traditional embroidered clothing store and \r\ncover the rest of the expenses with the income from their \r\nhouses.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For \r\nthe time being, they recently celebrated in Kimbil\u00e1 the four years of their \r\ngranddaughter Melani, the daughter of Emanuel, with a theme party of Disney\u2019s \r\nSofia the First. Lydia recreated a fairy tale castle. Melani wore the princess\u2019 \r\ndress. Instead of tamales and panuchos, there was pasta, caramel apples and \r\ncupcakes.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">***<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"kb-gallery-wrap-id-_GUFHI3-kP alignnone wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-ul kb-gallery-non-static kb-gallery-type-slider kb-gallery-id-_GUFHI3-kP kb-gallery-caption-style-below kb-gallery-filter-none kb-gallery-magnific-init\" data-image-filter=\"none\" data-lightbox-caption=\"true\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-carousel splide kt-carousel-container-dotstyle-dark kt-carousel-arrowstyle-whiteondark kt-carousel-dotstyle-dark kb-slider-group-arrow kb-slider-arrow-position-center\" data-slider-anim-speed=\"400\" data-slider-scroll=\"1\" data-slider-arrows=\"true\" data-slider-fade=\"true\" data-slider-dots=\"true\" data-slider-type=\"slider\" data-slider-hover-pause=\"false\" data-slider-auto=\"\" data-slider-speed=\"7000\" data-show-pause-button=\"false\"><div class=\"splide__track\"><ul class=\"kt-blocks-carousel-init kb-blocks-slider splide__list\"><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-17.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-17.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-17.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-17.JPG\" data-id=\"51627\" class=\"wp-image-51627 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-17.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-17-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-17-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-17-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-18.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-18.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-18.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-18.JPG\" data-id=\"51628\" class=\"wp-image-51628 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-18.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-18-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-18-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-18-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-21.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-21.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-21.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-21.JPG\" data-id=\"51629\" class=\"wp-image-51629 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-21.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-21-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-21-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-21-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From \r\nTekax, a town of 39,000 inhabitants in the foothills of the small mountain chain \r\nof southern Yucat\u00e1n, 1,400 people have left to the United States of America. \r\nHere lives Yamily Novelo, waiting for her husband, who left two years ago to \r\nPennsylvania, 2,500 kilometers (1,553 mi) away, in the northeastern of the USA, \r\nfor ten of the twelve months of the year. He emigrated with a working visa to \r\nwork in a plant nursery. He is among the 10% of Yucatecan migrants who cross the \r\nborder with identification papers, which allows him to return to visit without \r\nmajor problems.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although \r\nher husband (whose name Yamily refrains from giving due to fear of a migratory \r\nproblem) did not expose his life crossing the desert, she spends most of the \r\ntime with her daughter, a year and a half old baby, waiting for news. It's \r\nSaturday afternoon. She is looking out the door of her mother's house, where she \r\nlives to have company and to save the money her husband sends her to build her \r\nown home. She will spend the weekend at home waiting to make a video call. She \r\nconsiders herself lucky because her husband earns money impossible to earn in \r\nTekax. His university studies barely allowed him to obtain an average profit of \r\n4,800 pesos per month -about 260 US dollars-, a figure that is multiplied eight \r\nor nine times in Pennsylvania.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both \r\ngot a degree in Tourism Business Administration and worked for three years in \r\nPlaya del Carmen, a tourist resort near Cancun, but they returned to their \r\nnative Tekax in the wake of Yamily's pregnancy. The husband decided to migrate \r\nbecause the salary of both, anyway, was not going to be able to cover the cost \r\nof caring for their baby. It was very difficult not having her husband around. \r\n\"I did not know what I was going to do without him,\" she \r\nsays.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yamily \r\nis the daughter of migration. Her father also went to the USA to send \r\nremittances to her, her brother and her mother. He lives in Colorado. They have \r\nnot seen him in 15 years. They already resigned themselves. Yamily's husband \r\nplans to stay five more years in Pennsylvania. With what they save, in addition \r\nto the house, they want to open a store in the town, but they still do not \r\ndecide if it will be a clothing or grocery store. She is calm because she knows \r\nthat her husband has a secure job and will return. \"If he were illegal, I would \r\nnot support it. It is not worth the \r\nrisk.\"<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carlos \r\nOjeda Cer\u00f3n, an anthropologist from Peto and a long-time scholar of migration \r\nfrom southern Yucat\u00e1n, warns that the lack of advice and ignorance for business \r\nmanagement leads to the failure of most of the projects that migrants undertake \r\nwhen they return to their communities. \"They invest the money they saved [in the \r\nUSA], but few prosper.\" In a short time, they return to the condition of poverty \r\nthey had before leaving.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">***<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Angelica \r\nMoo's husband, Nicasio, left a decade ago to San Rafael, in northern California, \r\nbut she still lives in Peto in a straw house with no basic services and dirt \r\nfloors. In Yucat\u00e1n, the emigration of one family member does not always \r\nrepresent the economic redemption of the family. Sometimes it does not even \r\nenough for the redemption of emigrants themselves.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \r\naverage age to marry in rural indigenous communities in Yucat\u00e1n is, according to \r\nthe National Institute of Statistics and Geography, between 16 and 19 years old. \r\nAngelica Moo married Nicasio Tec at fifteen. He was 25. He was a bricklayer \r\nsince his adolescence, but because of the general poverty and his personal \r\nalcoholism he never built a concrete house for his family. His three children \r\ngrew up in a house of huano, in which they still live, with an enabled latrine \r\nat the back of the patio, in one of the most remote areas of the center of Peto \r\nbecause the land to build houses is cheaper there.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"kb-gallery-wrap-id-_O3DBjt-z0 alignnone wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-ul kb-gallery-non-static kb-gallery-type-slider kb-gallery-id-_O3DBjt-z0 kb-gallery-caption-style-below kb-gallery-filter-none kb-gallery-magnific-init\" data-image-filter=\"none\" data-lightbox-caption=\"true\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-carousel splide kt-carousel-container-dotstyle-dark kt-carousel-arrowstyle-whiteondark kt-carousel-dotstyle-dark kb-slider-group-arrow kb-slider-arrow-position-center\" data-slider-anim-speed=\"400\" data-slider-scroll=\"1\" data-slider-arrows=\"true\" data-slider-fade=\"true\" data-slider-dots=\"true\" data-slider-type=\"slider\" data-slider-hover-pause=\"false\" data-slider-auto=\"\" data-slider-speed=\"7000\" data-show-pause-button=\"false\"><div class=\"splide__track\"><ul class=\"kt-blocks-carousel-init kb-blocks-slider splide__list\"><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-20.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-20.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-20.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-20.JPG\" data-id=\"51630\" class=\"wp-image-51630 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-20.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-20-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-20-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-20-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-22.png\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-22.png\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-22.png\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-22.png\" data-id=\"51631\" class=\"wp-image-51631 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-22.png 1000w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-22-700x393.png 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-22-768x431.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-23.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-23.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-23.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-23.JPG\" data-id=\"51632\" class=\"wp-image-51632 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-23.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-23-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-23-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-23-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Angelica, \r\n37, talks in a broken Spanish, because her main language is Mayan, and remembers \r\nthat her husband has always worked as a mason. \"He only worked as a mason. Since \r\nhe was poor, he worked since he was 14 years old. He did not study. He did not \r\neven finish his sixth [grade of primary school], that's why he went far away \r\nwith the Chiapanecans he worked with in Cancun\", she says while sitting at the \r\ndoor of her house, where you can smell the wood with which she cooks and the \r\nhandmade tortillas.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their \r\nchildren Laura, 22 years old, already married, Santos, 20, a mason and a \r\ntemporary migrant to the city of M\u00e9rida to work, and Reina, 19 years old, a \r\nstudent of Information and Communication Technologies, never had phones, \r\nelectronic tablets, no American clothes or sport shoes.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During \r\nthe first eight years he was in California, Nicasio assured Ang\u00e9lica that he had \r\nno job and that he never wanted to work in restaurants like most Yucatecans of \r\nMayan origin, \"because he was a mason and he only wanted to do that.\" During \r\nthat time, she did not receive regular remittances, so she began to work to \r\nsupport her children. She bought a tricycle that drives for several kilometers \r\nto the woods to cut firewood that she sells for approximately 100 pesos (around \r\nfour US dollars) per day, which is barely enough to buy beans, eggs and tortilla \r\ndough, and also to buy fuel for cooking and heating water for bathing in the \r\nwinter.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He \r\nalso does piecework in Perez chicken farms, where he kills, plucks and gutted \r\nbirds for sale. The salary paid there is symbolic because it barely exceeds 80 \r\npesos (about three US dollars), or exchanges work for the meat of the animals to \r\nfeed his family. He also cleans seasonally the land of the Southern Valley \r\nagricultural company, a subsidiary of the Southern Valley company based in \r\nGeorgia, USA, which has been operating in the south of Yucat\u00e1n since 2003. These \r\ntrades require him to have a lot of physical strength and tolerate, many times \r\nunder the sun, common temperatures of over 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F), with the risk of \r\ndeath from heat stroke.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Angelica's \r\nassets are reduced to two 4x4 meter (13x13 ft) rooms of concrete, independent of \r\neach other, in addition to her <I>huano<\/I> hut. The three structures are in the \r\nsame land. The first was obtained through a housing program for families in \r\nextreme poverty, promoted by the government of Yucat\u00e1n, and the other was \r\ncompleted a few months ago with money sent by her husband, whose remittances has \r\nbeen more consistent for the last two years.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At \r\nNicasio\u2019s insistence, with the last remittance she installed a wooden door with \r\ncarved details valued at 7,000 pesos (almost 400 US dollars), like those of the \r\nhouses he builds in California with prefabricated material and luxurious \r\nfinishes. Nicasio, says Ang\u00e9lica, does not want to return without having \r\nfulfilled that goal that indicates that the Mayan migration \"to the other side\" \r\nhas been successful: the concrete house. For now, there is only the wooden door, \r\nwhich looks out from behind the one meter (3 ft) high wall and is visible from \r\nthe street. There is an empty room behind it. Ang\u00e9lica and her two youngest \r\nchildren continue, however, sleeping in their old straw house. She compares \r\nherself to the wives of other migrants from her village that receive more \r\nremittances, do not work and are dedicated to take care of their children. \"I do \r\nnot know how they manage to spend even the money of their \r\nhusbands.\"<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"kb-gallery-wrap-id-_PSyC7b-Qq alignnone wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-ul kb-gallery-non-static kb-gallery-type-slider kb-gallery-id-_PSyC7b-Qq kb-gallery-caption-style-below kb-gallery-filter-none kb-gallery-magnific-init\" data-image-filter=\"none\" data-lightbox-caption=\"true\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-carousel splide kt-carousel-container-dotstyle-dark kt-carousel-arrowstyle-whiteondark kt-carousel-dotstyle-dark kb-slider-group-arrow kb-slider-arrow-position-center\" data-slider-anim-speed=\"400\" data-slider-scroll=\"1\" data-slider-arrows=\"true\" data-slider-fade=\"true\" data-slider-dots=\"true\" data-slider-type=\"slider\" data-slider-hover-pause=\"false\" data-slider-auto=\"\" data-slider-speed=\"7000\" data-show-pause-button=\"false\"><div class=\"splide__track\"><ul class=\"kt-blocks-carousel-init kb-blocks-slider splide__list\"><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-24.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-24.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-24.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-24.JPG\" data-id=\"51633\" class=\"wp-image-51633 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-24.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-24-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-24-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-24-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-25.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-25.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-25.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-25.JPG\" data-id=\"51634\" class=\"wp-image-51634 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-25.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-25-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-25-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-25-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-26.JPG\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1283\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-26.JPG\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-26.JPG\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-26.JPG\" data-id=\"51635\" class=\"wp-image-51635 skip-lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-26.JPG 1283w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-26-700x436.jpg 700w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-26-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-26-1235x770.jpg 1235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1283px) 100vw, 1283px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nicasio \r\ncalls Ang\u00e9lica by phone once in a while and she does not have enough money to \r\npay for an internet plan for her cell phone. And even if she had it, she cannot \r\nread or write. When the husband calls her, she identifies the number because she \r\nlearnt it by heart. She has spent up to two months without a call from her \r\nhusband, because he says that when it rains, he cannot work or pay for the \r\ntelephone service, as \"everything is expensive there.\"<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last \r\nMay, a woman called her by phone to tell her that Nicasio had died at the \r\ngeneral hospital in Marin, seven kilometers (4 mi) from San Rafael. Ang\u00e9lica \r\ntried to communicate, but since Nicasio never answered the calls and she did not \r\nknow his friends or anyone else in California, she started the inquiries to \r\ntransfer the body. Almost two weeks passed. The husband called her. He had blood \r\npressure problems, he said, and that was why he was in the clinic. There a group \r\nof Christians offered him a place to live while he recovered. He lost contact \r\nwith his acquaintances and they thought he was dead.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \r\ncase was mentioned in many newspapers such as <I>Diario de Yucat\u00e1n<\/I>, the most \r\nimportant newspaper in the state. Reporter Pedro Cauich, a correspondent in the \r\nsouthern part of the state, found out that Nicasio had suffered an accident \r\nwhile he was drunk, and he was taken to the hospital due to his injuries. The \r\nYucatecans in San Rafael with whom we speak remember having read the news that \r\none of their countrymen had passed away, but they do not recognize him by name. \r\nThey believe they identify him as an alcoholic they saw on the streets, along \r\nwith other compatriots without regular work.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alcoholism \r\nis one of the most severe problems affecting Yucatecan migrants in the United \r\nStates. They tend to drink to entertain themselves, and thus the patterns that \r\nplace Yucatan in the first national spot in intoxications for alcohol abuse in \r\nthe country reproduce \u20147,057 registered in 2016, according to figures from the \r\nMinistry of Health of Mexico\u2014, almost double of Jalisco, which ranks second in \r\nthis measurement and which reported 3,761 fewer cases, even though it triples \r\nthe population of Yucat\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There \r\nis a community of approximately 10,000 Yucatecans in San Rafael. Canal Street \r\nhas been known for many years as the favorite destination of Mayan migrants who \r\narrived in the city. Hidden in the bushes were bottles of empty alcoholic \r\nbeverages. Several people pointed out that until a few months ago, Nicasio \r\nfrequented this area, but it was not possible to find him, which coincides with \r\nthe version of Ang\u00e9lica that after the accident, he left the place and went to \r\nbuild houses in other places in northern California.<\/p>\n\n\r\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ang\u00e9lica \r\ndoes not know when she will see her husband again. Just like when he left, she \r\nthinks Nicasio will make that decision without consulting \r\nher.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wps-pgfw-pdf-generate-icon__wrapper-frontend pgfw-icon-display pgfw-icon-display--default\" style=\"--pgfw-icon-justify:center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2375\/?action=genpdf&#038;id=2375\" class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button pgfw-single-pdf-download-button--default pgfw-single-pdf-download-button--icon-only\" title=\"Generate PDF\" style=\"--pgfw-icon-width:25px;--pgfw-icon-height:45px;\" aria-label=\"Download PDF\"><span class=\"pgfw-single-pdf-download-button__media\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img src=\"https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-generator-for-wp\/admin\/src\/images\/PDF_Tray.svg\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Mayas, who in the classical era of their civilization mysteriously depopulated large stone cities in Mesoamerica, now, a millennium later, abandon their adobe and thatched roof villages in the Yucat\u00e1n peninsula at a rate that could be comparable. Every year, over a thousand cross the border into the United States. This time their motives are not a mystery: local poverty and the promise of a better life, especially in California, push them to exodus. The traffic is bidirectional, in any case. While the people march north, back to the south come remittances of money, hopes and new cultural patterns. However, life for those who stay at home is not easy, especially for married women, who submit not only to an endless wait, but also to asphyxiating social norms.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":81,"featured_media":51636,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"give_campaign_id":0,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","ghostkit_customizer_options":"","ghostkit_custom_css":"","ghostkit_custom_js_head":"","ghostkit_custom_js_foot":"","ghostkit_typography":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2387,2210],"tags":[16,707],"pais":[4216],"serie":[],"localizacion":[4227],"ppma_author":[2328,2329],"class_list":["post-2375","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-internacionales","category-investigacion","tag-eeuu","tag-yucatan","pais-venezuela-en"],"acf":{"reportage-top-html":""},"views":1628,"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":2387,"label":"Internacionales"},{"value":2210,"label":"Investigacion"}],"post_tag":[{"value":16,"label":"EEUU"},{"value":707,"label":"Yucat\u00c3\u00a1n"}],"pais":[{"value":4216,"label":"Venezuela"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/armando.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/12122017-1ingles.jpg",1250,500,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"ARMANDO.INFO","author_link":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/author\/armando2\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":2387,"name":"Internacionales","slug":"internacionales","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2387,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":127,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0","cat_ID":2387,"category_count":127,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Internacionales","category_nicename":"internacionales","category_parent":0},{"term_id":2210,"name":"Investigacion","slug":"investigacion","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":2210,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":670,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0","cat_ID":2210,"category_count":670,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Investigacion","category_nicename":"investigacion","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":[{"term_id":16,"name":"EEUU","slug":"eeuu","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":16,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":35,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0"},{"term_id":707,"name":"Yucat\u00c3\u00a1n","slug":"yucatan","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":707,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":2,"filter":"raw","menu_order":"0"}],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-08-25 07:12:55","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"authors":[{"term_id":2328,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"guadalupe-sosa","display_name":"GUADALUPE SOSA","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""},{"term_id":2329,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"thelmo-zapata","display_name":"THELMO ZAPATA","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2375","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/81"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2375"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2375\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/51636"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2375"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2375"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2375"},{"taxonomy":"pais","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pais?post=2375"},{"taxonomy":"serie","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/serie?post=2375"},{"taxonomy":"localizacion","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/localizacion?post=2375"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/armando.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=2375"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}